Sources

Every standard code, and every fact told to children on the kids pages, comes from one of these sources. Each fact on a kids page links to its number here. English and Math sources were checked on October 19, 2026; the other subjects on October 20, 2026 (America/New_York).

English and Mathematics (1-23)

1. New York State Education Department. New York State Next Generation English Language Arts Learning Standards (2017). Kindergarten section, pp. 15-21; Appendix A (Language Standards 1 and 2, P-2 band), pp. 94-95. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/nys-next-generation-ela-standards.pdf

2. NYSED. Crosswalk Between P-12 ELA Common Core Learning Standards (2011) and the revised NYS Next Generation ELA Learning Standards (2017) - Kindergarten. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/standards-instruction/nys-ela-standards-kindergarten-crosswalk.pdf

3. NYSED. New York State Next Generation Mathematics Learning Standards (2017; PDF created 2019). Kindergarten Overview and standards, pp. 17-24 (including the NY-K.OA.2 problem-type chart on p. 20). https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/curriculum-instruction/nys-next-generation-mathematics-p-12-standards.pdf

4. NYSED. NYS Next Generation Mathematics Learning Standards Kindergarten Crosswalk. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/curriculum-instruction/nys-math-standards-kindergarten-crosswalk.pdf

5. NYC Public Schools. NYC Reads (approach, curricula options, launch timeline). https://www.schools.nyc.gov/learning/subjects/literacy/nyc-reads

6. NYC Reads. NYC Reads Family Guidance (2023-24; lists Fundations, Heggerty, Really Great Reading; HMH Into Reading, EL Education, Wit & Wisdom; Acadience Reading as the K-2 screener three times a year). Copy hosted on a school website: https://cdnsm5-ss20.sharpschool.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_473288/File/%20Our%20School/Announcements/NYC%20Reads%20Supporting%20Families.pdf

7. NYCPS University Partnerships. Instructional Priority: NYC Reads (foundational skills: Fundations paired with Heggerty, or Really Great Reading). https://nycpsuniversitypartnerships.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/36694996233755-Instructional-Priority-NYC-Reads

8. NYC Reads Learning Community. Resources for Core Instruction (phonics, decodable text, sound walls guidance). https://sites.google.com/schools.nyc.gov/nycpslc/resources-for-core-instruction

9. NYC Public Schools. NYC Solves (Math Shifts; launch timeline incl. Phase 1 Elementary SY 2026-27, Districts 5, 11, 12, 25). https://www.schools.nyc.gov/learning/subjects/math/nyc-solves

10. NYC Mayor's Office. Mayor Mamdani and Chancellor Samuels Announce Expansion of NYC Solves and NYC Reads (May 21, 2026). https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/05/mayor-mamdani-and-chancellor-samuelsannounce-expansion-of-nyc-so

11. Chalkbeat New York. Mamdani launches elementary school math curriculum overhaul (May 22, 2026). https://www.chalkbeat.org/newyork/2026/05/22/nyc-elementary-school-math-curriculum-mandate-districts-mamdani/

12. NYCPS Math Resources. Illustrative Mathematics (NYC implementation resources; Notice and Wonder routine). https://sites.google.com/view/nyc-math-resources/high-quality-instructional-materials-hqim/illustrative-mathematics

13. NYC Public Schools. 2026-2027 School Year Calendar. https://www.schools.nyc.gov/calendar/2026-2027-school-year-calendar (PDF: http://www.schools.nyc.gov/docs/default-source/sections/calendar/2026-27-school-year-calendar.pdf)

14. EL Education. Grades K-2 Curriculum Plan (K modules Toys and Play, Weather Wonders, Trees Are Alive, Enjoying and Appreciating Trees; writing tasks; required trade books). https://el-education-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/CurriculumTools_CurriculumPlan-K-2_0419.pdf

15. EL Education. ELA K curriculum page (module titles; 1-hour K-2 Reading Foundations Skills Block). https://curriculum.eleducation.org/curriculum/ela/grade-k

16. Great Minds. Wit & Wisdom Core Texts. https://greatminds.org/hubfs/GM-%20Marketing%20Collateral%20Catalog/Collateral%20Catalog/Wit%20and%20Wisdom/WW_Core%20Texts_Final%20Web_2.10.23.pdf

17. Great Minds. Wit & Wisdom K-8 Modules at a Glance (K essential questions). https://core-docs.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/asset/uploaded_file/1669860/Wit___Wisdom_Scope_and_Sequence_K-5.pdf

18. Illustrative Mathematics / Kendall Hunt. Kindergarten scope and sequence and units (8 units, section titles). https://im.kendallhunt.com/K5/teachers/kindergarten/course-guide/scope-and-sequence.html and https://im.kendallhunt.com/k5/teachers/kindergarten/units.html

19. Illustrative Mathematics. IM K-5 Scope and Sequence (v1; lesson counts per K unit; "subject to minor changes in the final published version"). https://illustrativemathematics.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/v1-IM-K-5-Math-Scope-and-Sequence.pdf

20. Acadience Learning. Acadience Reading K-6 Benchmarks and Composite Score (March 11, 2021), Kindergarten table. https://acadiencelearning.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Acadience-Reading-K-6-Benchmark-Goals-handout_2021_color.pdf

21. UK Department for Education and Skills. Letters and Sounds: Principles and Practice of High Quality Phonics (2007), Phase Two and Three letter sets. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7aa7b6e5274a34770e630c/Letters_and_Sounds_-_DFES-00281-2007.pdf

22. Fry, Edward. First 100 Instant Words (list as published by SightWords.com). https://sightwords.com/wp-content/uploads/fry_1st_100_Updated-2.pdf

23. Every anchor text and read-aloud title/author pair was checked against Open Library search (https://openlibrary.org/search.json) on October 19, 2026; curriculum-listed titles were also matched to sources 14 and 16.

Science, Social Studies, Arts, PE and Health (24-50)

24. NYSED. New York State P-12 Science Learning Standards (PDF dated 2019, modified Feb 2020). Kindergarten performance expectations, clarification statements, and Disciplinary Core Ideas, PDF pp. 4-7; K-2 Engineering Design, PDF p. 15. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/curriculum-instruction/p-12-science-learning-standards.pdf

25. NYSED. NYS K-8 Social Studies Framework (revised; PDF created Feb 2017). Kindergarten: Social Studies Practices, p. 15; Grade K: Self and Others (Key Ideas K.1-K.9 and conceptual understandings), pp. 16-18. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/standards-instruction/ss-framework-k-8a2.pdf

26. NYSED. New York State Learning Standards for the Arts: Visual Arts At-A-Glance Standards (Aug 2017). Kindergarten column, pp. 4-12. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/standards-instruction/nys-visual-arts-at-a-glance-final-8-2-2017-high-res-v2.pdf

27. NYSED. New York State Learning Standards for the Arts: Music At-A-Glance (Aug 2017). General Music, Kindergarten column, pp. 5-19. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/standards-instruction/nys-music-at-a-glance-final-8.2.2017-high-res-v2.pdf

28. NYSED. NYS Music Glossary (2017). Entries: beat, tempo, dynamics, pitch, melodic contour, iconic notation, rhythm, motif. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/standards-instruction/nys-music-glossary-final-high-res.pdf

29. NYSED. New York State Physical Education Learning Standards (2020; PDF dated Apr 2023). Introduction to Kindergarten and Kindergarten outcomes, pp. 16-18. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/standards-instruction/new-york-physical-education-learning-standards-2020.pdf

30. NYSED. The New York State Physical Education Learning Standards at a Glance (2020) (codes NY.S1.1.K through NY.S6.1.K). https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/standards-instruction/new-york-state-physical-education-learning-standards-at-a-glance-2020.pdf

31. NYSED. Physical Education FAQ (item E1: grades K-3 daily physical education, minimum 120 minutes per week; E2: recess does not count). https://www.nysed.gov/standards-instruction/physical-education-faq

32. NYSED. Learning Standards for Health, Physical Education, and Family and Consumer Sciences at Three Levels. Elementary level, Health Education: Standard 1 p. 2, Standard 2 p. 8, Standard 3 p. 14. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/standards-instruction/healthpefacslearningstandards.pdf

33. NYSED Office of Early Learning. Resource Guides for School Success: The Kindergarten Early Learning Standards (2019, revised 2021). Domain 2, Physical Development and Health (K.PDH.1-K.PDH.10), pp. 11-12; Domain 5d, The Arts, pp. 30-32. https://www.nysed.gov/sites/default/files/programs/early-learning/k-standards-resource-web-revised-2021.pdf

34. CDC. About Handwashing (Feb 16, 2024): five steps; scrub at least 20 seconds, hum 'Happy Birthday' twice; key times to wash. https://www.cdc.gov/clean-hands/about/index.html

35. CDC. Healthy Habits: Coughing and Sneezing: cover with a tissue or your elbow, not your hands; wash hands right after. https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/about/coughing-and-sneezing.html

36. CDC. About Fluoride and Oral Health Tips for Children: brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste; ages 3-6 use a pea-sized amount; spit, do not swallow; adults watch children under 6 brush. https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/prevention/about-fluoride.html (also https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/prevention/oral-health-tips-for-children.html)

37. CDC. About Sleep (May 15, 2024): recommended daily sleep, 3-5 years 10-13 hours including naps; 6-12 years 9-12 hours; adults 18-60 years 7 or more hours (citing the American Academy of Sleep Medicine). https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about/index.html

38. CDC. Child Activity: An Overview (Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd ed.): children 3-5 active throughout the day; 6-17 at least 60 minutes every day. https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/guidelines/children.html

39. NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Physical Activity and Your Heart: Types: aerobic activity makes your heart beat faster and you breathe harder; over time it makes your heart and lungs stronger. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart/physical-activity/types

40. USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Team Nutrition. Discover MyPlate: Meet MyPlate parent handout (Jan 2023, FNS-471B): five food groups (Fruits, Vegetables, Dairy, Grains, Protein Foods); 'Make half your plate fruits and vegetables.' https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/dmp-ph-meetmyplate.pdf

41. USAGov. The American flag and other national symbols: 13 stripes for the 13 original colonies, 50 stars for the 50 states; the bald eagle designated the national emblem by Congress in 1782. https://www.usa.gov/flag

42. National Park Service. Statue of Liberty Facts: on Liberty Island in New York Harbor; dedicated October 28, 1886; proposed as a gift celebrating friendship between the United States and France. https://www.nps.gov/stli/learn/statue-of-liberty-facts.htm

43. National Park Service. Visiting the Liberty Bell Center, Independence National Historical Park, Philadelphia. https://www.nps.gov/inde/planyourvisit/libertybellcenter.htm

44. NYC Emergency Management. Be Ready NYC: New York City hazards include extreme heat, heavy rain and flash floods, coastal storms and hurricanes, winter weather, and earthquakes. https://www.nyc.gov/site/em/ready/be-ready-new-york.page

45. NYC Emergency Management. Plan for Hazards: Thunderstorms and Lightning: every thunderstorm produces lightning; take shelter, 'indoors means indoors.' https://www.nyc.gov/site/em/ready/thunderstorms.page

46. Georgia O'Keeffe Museum. Color creative activity sheet (Summer 2019): primary colors red, yellow, blue; red + yellow = orange, blue + red = violet, blue + yellow = green. https://www.okeeffemuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Activity-Color.pdf

47. Cincinnati Art Museum. Mixing It Up! lesson plan: primary colors (red, yellow, blue); secondary colors made by mixing two primaries (orange, green, purple). https://cincinnatiartmuseum.org/media/iizmuumb/mixing-it-up-lesson-plan.pdf

48. NYC Public Schools. 2026-2027 School Year Calendar (holiday names and dates used in the Social Studies plan: Yom Kippur Sept 21; Italian Heritage/Indigenous Peoples' Day Oct 12; Election Day Nov 3, remote; Veterans Day Nov 11; Thanksgiving Recess Nov 26-27; Winter Recess Dec 24-Jan 1; Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day Jan 18; Midwinter Recess Feb 15-19; Eid al-Fitr Mar 9; Good Friday Mar 26; Spring Recess Apr 22-30; Eid al-Adha May 17; Memorial Day May 31). Same document as source 13. https://www.schools.nyc.gov/calendar/2026-2027-school-year-calendar

49. Open Library search API, checked October 20, 2026, for every new read-aloud title and author pair (titles not found there were dropped). https://openlibrary.org/search.json

50. National Park Service. Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. (NPS Commemorations and Celebrations): the third Monday of January is a federal holiday to honor his life and legacy; it is also a national day of service. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/npscelebrates/mlk-day.htm