Sources (178) Every source cited in this course: in the stories, the go-deeper sections, the people cards and the quiz, in the order they first appear. Pages were read on October 22, 2026. Primary sources (inaugural addresses and speeches) link to the Avalon Project, the American Presidency Project, the Miller Center, the National Archives and presidential libraries. No photographs of people are used; people appear as text cards.
U.S. National Park Service (public domain) Full view of Mount Rushmore, NPS Photo (course card image) millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): List of presidents of the United States Avalon Project, Yale Law School Inaugural addresses of the presidents The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara Inaugural addresses Miller Center, University of Virginia Presidential speeches archive britannica.com Britannica: A People's History of the United States millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): George Washington mountvernon.org George Washington's Mount Vernon: Whiskey Rebellion millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): John Adams archives.gov National Archives: Alien and Sedition Acts Avalon Project Washington's Farewell Address, 1796 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Thomas Jefferson archives.gov National Archives: Louisiana Purchase millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): James Madison britannica.com Britannica: War of 1812 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): James Monroe britannica.com Britannica: Era of Good Feelings millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): John Quincy Adams millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Corrupt bargain britannica.com Britannica: Embargo Act of 1807 nps.gov National Park Service: Lewis and Clark Expedition archives.gov National Archives: Missouri Compromise archives.gov National Archives: Monroe Doctrine Avalon Project The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Andrew Jackson britannica.com Britannica: Trail of Tears millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Martin Van Buren federalreservehistory.org Federal Reserve History: Panic of 1837 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): William Henry Harrison millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): 1840 United States presidential election millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): John Tyler millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): James K. Polk britannica.com Britannica: Mexican–American War britannica.com Britannica: Manifest destiny millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Zachary Taylor millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Millard Fillmore archives.gov National Archives: Compromise of 1850 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Franklin Pierce archives.gov National Archives: Kansas–Nebraska Act millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): James Buchanan law.cornell.edu Cornell LII: Dred Scott v. Sandford britannica.com Britannica: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Abraham Lincoln millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Andrew Johnson britannica.com Britannica: Reconstruction era millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Ulysses S. Grant federalreservehistory.org Federal Reserve History: Panic of 1873 britannica.com Britannica: Gettysburg Address senate.gov U.S. Senate: Impeachment of Andrew Johnson britannica.com Britannica: Bloody shirt National Archives The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) Avalon Project The Gettysburg Address, 1863 Avalon Project Lincoln's second inaugural address, 1865 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Rutherford B. Hayes millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Compromise of 1877 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): James A. Garfield archives.gov National Archives: Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Chester A. Arthur millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Grover Cleveland federalreservehistory.org Federal Reserve History: Panic of 1893 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Benjamin Harrison archives.gov National Archives: Sherman Antitrust Act millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): William McKinley history.state.gov U.S. State Dept. Office of the Historian: Spanish–American War britannica.com Britannica: Great Railroad Strike of 1877 britannica.com Britannica: Chinese Exclusion Act britannica.com Britannica: Pullman Strike history.state.gov U.S. State Dept. Office of the Historian: Philippine–American War britannica.com Britannica: Yellow journalism britannica.com Britannica: Thomas Nast millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Theodore Roosevelt millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Square Deal millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): William Howard Taft millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Woodrow Wilson history.state.gov U.S. State Dept. Office of the Historian: League of Nations britannica.com Britannica: Muckraker history.state.gov U.S. State Dept. Office of the Historian: Treaty of Versailles millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Warren G. Harding britannica.com Britannica: Teapot Dome scandal millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Calvin Coolidge millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Herbert Hoover federalreservehistory.org Federal Reserve History: Wall Street crash of 1929 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Return to normalcy britannica.com Britannica: Bonus Army millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Franklin D. Roosevelt britannica.com Britannica: New Deal millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Harry S. Truman britannica.com Britannica: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki britannica.com Britannica: Fireside chats britannica.com Britannica: Internment of Japanese Americans archives.gov National Archives: Four Freedoms archives.gov National Archives: Marshall Plan britannica.com Britannica: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution Avalon Project Franklin D. Roosevelt's first inaugural address, 1933 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Dwight D. Eisenhower archives.gov National Archives: Interstate Highway System millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): John F. Kennedy history.state.gov U.S. State Dept. Office of the Historian: Cuban Missile Crisis millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Lyndon B. Johnson millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Great Society britannica.com Britannica: Sputnik crisis history.state.gov U.S. State Dept. Office of the Historian: Bay of Pigs Invasion jfklibrary.org JFK Library: Kennedy–Nixon debates britannica.com Britannica: New Frontier britannica.com Britannica: Civil Rights Act of 1964 britannica.com Britannica: Vietnam War livingroomcandidate.org Museum of the Moving Image: The Living Room Candidate: Daisy (advertisement) National Archives Eisenhower's Farewell Address (1961) Avalon Project Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy, 1961 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Richard Nixon britannica.com Britannica: Watergate scandal millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Gerald Ford millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Jimmy Carter britannica.com Britannica: Iran hostage crisis britannica.com Britannica: Checkers speech millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Crisis of confidence speech millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Ronald Reagan britannica.com Britannica: Reaganomics millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): George H. W. Bush history.state.gov U.S. State Dept. Office of the Historian: Gulf War millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Bill Clinton britannica.com Britannica: North American Free Trade Agreement britannica.com Britannica: Iran–Contra affair livingroomcandidate.org Museum of the Moving Image: The Living Room Candidate: Morning in America reaganlibrary.gov Reagan Library: Tear down this wall! britannica.com Britannica: Read my lips: no new taxes senate.gov U.S. Senate: Impeachment of Bill Clinton Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Inaugural Address 1981 millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): George W. Bush millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Barack Obama law.cornell.edu Cornell LII: Bush v. Gore britannica.com Britannica: September 11 attacks britannica.com Britannica: Iraq War georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov National Archives: Mission Accomplished speech georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov National Archives: Compassionate conservatism weather.gov National Weather Service: Hurricane Katrina healthcare.gov HealthCare.gov: Affordable Care Act obamawhitehouse.archives.gov National Archives: Killing of Osama bin Laden federalreservehistory.org Federal Reserve History: Great Recession americanrhetoric.com American Rhetoric: Yes We Can (slogan) britannica.com Britannica: Barack Obama “Hope” poster britannica.com Britannica: Birtherism pewresearch.org Pew Research Center: Political polarization in the United States millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Donald Trump millercenter.org Miller Center (UVA): Joe Biden whitehouse.gov The White House: Department of Government Efficiency govinfo.gov GovInfo (U.S. GPO): Tax Cuts and Jobs Act britannica.com Britannica: Abraham Accords gao.gov U.S. GAO: Operation Warp Speed justice.gov U.S. Dept. of Justice: Mueller report govinfo.gov GovInfo (U.S. GPO): January 6 United States Capitol attack britannica.com Britannica: Make America Great Again nbcnews.com NBC News: Alternative facts britannica.com Britannica: Fake news govinfo.gov GovInfo (U.S. GPO): Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act govinfo.gov GovInfo (U.S. GPO): Inflation Reduction Act govinfo.gov GovInfo (U.S. GPO): Build Back Better Plan bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov National Archives: Bidenomics govinfo.gov GovInfo (U.S. GPO): One Big Beautiful Bill Act whitehouse.gov The White House: Tariffs in the second Trump administration britannica.com Britannica: America First (policy) fec.gov FEC: 2024 United States presidential election oxfordbibliographies.com Oxford Bibliographies: Framing (social sciences) oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com Oxford Learner's Dictionaries: Spin (propaganda) britannica.com Britannica: Willie Horton npr.org NPR: Swiftboating Project Gutenberg Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776), full text britannica.com Britannica: Penny press reaganlibrary.gov Reagan Library: Fairness doctrine pewresearch.org Pew Research Center: Filter bubble pewresearch.org Pew Research Center: Echo chamber (media)