astor.academy / native americans / credits

Sources (91)

Every source cited in this course, in the order it first appears. Sources are primary documents and reputable institutions: the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian, the National Archives, the Library of Congress, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the National Park Service, the Supreme Court, tribal nations' own sites and scholarly publishers. Pages were read on October 22, 2026. Images are archival photographs, lithographs and prints from the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, each marked there as having no known restrictions on publication; each is listed below with a link to its catalog record. Edward S. Curtis photographs were often posed and are captioned as staged.

  1. Bureau of Indian AffairsAbout us: federally recognized tribes and the trust relationship
  2. National Congress of American IndiansTribal Nations and the United States: An Introduction
  3. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Tribal JusticeFrequently Asked Questions about Native Americans
  4. National Museum of the American Indian, SmithsonianNative Knowledge 360° education initiative
  5. National Museum of the American Indian, SmithsonianNation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations
  6. National ArchivesAmerican Indian and Alaska Native Records in the National Archives
  7. UNESCO World Heritage CentreCahokia Mounds State Historic Site
  8. Cahokia Mounds State Historic SiteCahokia Mounds (official site)
  9. National Park ServiceChaco Culture National Historical Park
  10. UNESCO World Heritage CentreChaco Culture
  11. National Park ServiceHopewell Culture National Historical Park
  12. National Park ServiceThe Road to Revolt (El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, PDF)
  13. History Compass (Wiley), scholarly journalRecent Work and Prospects in American Indian Contact Population (2007)
  14. Haudenosaunee ConfederacyOfficial site of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy
  15. Cherokee NationCherokee Nation: History
  16. Onondaga NationAn Analysis of the 1613 Tawagonshi Treaty (Robert Venables, 2012)
  17. Journal of Early American History (Brill), 2013The Tawagonshi Tale: Can Linguistic Analysis Prove the Tawagonshi Treaty to be a Forgery?
  18. Journal of Early American History (Brill), 2013Wampum, Tawagonshi, and the Two Row Belt
  19. U.S. National Library of MedicineNative Voices: Native Peoples' Concepts of Health and Illness, timeline
  20. National Park ServiceSpanish Encounters, Pecos National Historical Park
  21. National Park ServiceProject Ideas: Communication and El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
  22. Indian Pueblo Cultural CenterPueblo Revolt
  23. National ArchivesAmerican Indian Treaties
  24. Smithsonian InstitutionFirst Written Treaty Between the U.S. and a Native American Nation To Be Shown at the American Indian Museum
  25. Yale Law School, Avalon ProjectTreaty With the Delawares, 1778
  26. Oyez, Cornell LII and Chicago-KentWorcester v. Georgia (1832)
  27. Library of CongressIndian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History
  28. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of StateIndian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830
  29. National Park ServiceTrail of Tears National Historic Trail: History & Culture
  30. Oklahoma Historical SocietyTrail of Tears (Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture)
  31. National Park ServiceSand Creek Massacre National Historic Site: History & Culture
  32. National ArchivesTreaty of Fort Laramie (1868), Milestone Documents
  33. National Park ServiceLittle Bighorn Battlefield National Monument
  34. Library of CongressWounded Knee Massacre: Topics in Chronicling America
  35. Library of CongressDisaster at Wounded Knee (classroom materials)
  36. National Park ServiceWounded Knee National Historic Landmark registration form
  37. Oyez, Cornell LII and Chicago-KentUnited States v. Sioux Nation of Indians (1980)
  38. U.S. Senate Committee on Indian AffairsTestimony of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, July 19, 2023
  39. National Park ServiceNez Perce National Historical Park
  40. Dickinson CollegeCarlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center
  41. U.S. Department of the InteriorFederal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report, Vol. I (May 2022)
  42. Supreme Court of the United StatesHaaland v. Brackeen (2023), opinion
  43. U.S. Department of the InteriorInterior releases investigative report on boarding schools (May 11, 2022)
  44. Bureau of Indian AffairsFederal Indian Boarding School Initiative
  45. The American Presidency Project, UC Santa BarbaraBiden, remarks at the Gila River Indian Community (October 25, 2024)
  46. National ArchivesDawes Act (1887), Milestone Documents
  47. National ArchivesRecords Relating to the Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler–Howard Act)
  48. Library of CongressAmerican Indian Law: A Beginner's Guide, Legislation
  49. U.S. Department of the InteriorCobell Settlement
  50. National ArchivesIndian Citizenship Act, June 2, 1924 (enrolled act, PDF)
  51. U.S. Capitol Visitor CenterAct to authorize certificates of citizenship to Indians, June 2, 1924
  52. Library of CongressUnited States Citizenship for the Native American (classroom materials)
  53. The National WWII MuseumAmerican Indian Code Talkers
  54. National ArchivesBureau of Indian Affairs Records: Termination
  55. National ArchivesBureau of Indian Affairs Records: Urban Relocation
  56. Bureau of Indian AffairsVoluntary relocation program to be greatly enlarged (press release)
  57. Bureau of Indian AffairsMenominee land restored to reservation status
  58. Menominee Indian Tribe of WisconsinOfficial site
  59. National Park ServiceWe Hold the Rock: the Alcatraz occupation, 1969–1971
  60. U.S. Marshals ServiceIncident at Wounded Knee (1973)
  61. Federal Bureau of InvestigationFBI Minneapolis field office history
  62. The American Presidency Project, UC Santa BarbaraNixon, Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs (July 8, 1970)
  63. Bureau of Indian AffairsIndian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)
  64. Cornell Law School, Legal Information Institute25 U.S. Code 1915, Placement of Indian children
  65. Oyez, Cornell LII and Chicago-KentCalifornia v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (1987)
  66. National Indian Gaming CommissionIndian Gaming Regulatory Act
  67. Supreme Court of the United StatesMcGirt v. Oklahoma, 591 U.S. ___ (2020), opinion
  68. Oyez, Cornell LII and Chicago-KentMcGirt v. Oklahoma (2020)
  69. Supreme Court of the United StatesOklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022), opinion
  70. U.S. Census BureauA look at the largest American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and villages (2023)
  71. Navajo NationOfficial site of the Navajo Nation
  72. Indian Health ServiceOffice of Urban Indian Health Programs
  73. U.S. CongressNative American Languages Act, Public Law 101-477 (1990), PDF
  74. Haudenosaunee ConfederacyWampum
  75. Oklahoma Historical SocietySequoyah (Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture)
  76. Federal Judicial CenterMarshall, John
  77. Oyez, Cornell LII and Chicago-KentCherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
  78. Miller Center, University of VirginiaAndrew Jackson
  79. Oklahoma Historical SocietyRoss, John (Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture)
  80. National Park ServiceMajor Ridge
  81. National Park Service, Little Bighorn BattlefieldSitting Bull
  82. National Park Service, Gateway ArchRed Cloud Shirt
  83. Library of Congress Name Authority FilePratt, Richard Henry, 1840-1924
  84. U.S. House of Representatives, History, Art and ArchivesDawes, Henry Laurens
  85. Miller Center, University of VirginiaCalvin Coolidge
  86. National Park ServiceAda Deer
  87. Library of Congress Name Authority FileDeer, Ada Elizabeth
  88. Library of Congress Name Authority FileOakes, Richard, 1942-1972
  89. Library of Congress Name Authority FileBanks, Dennis
  90. National Women's History MuseumElouise Cobell (Yellow Bird Woman)
  91. U.S. House of Representatives, History, Art and ArchivesHaaland, Debra