astor.academy / metaphysics / credits

Sources (104)

Every source cited in this course: in the text, in the go-deeper layers, in the people stories and in the quiz. Listed in the order they first appear. Pages were read in October 2026.

  1. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyMetaphysics
  2. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyAristotle's Metaphysics
  3. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyNominalism in Metaphysics
  4. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyWillard Van Orman Quine
  5. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyRudolf Carnap
  6. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyParmenides
  7. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPlato
  8. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyTropes
  9. Internet Encyclopedia of PhilosophyThe Problem of Universals
  10. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyWilliam of Ockham
  11. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyRené Descartes
  12. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyDualism
  13. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyElisabeth, Princess of Bohemia
  14. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyBaruch Spinoza
  15. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
  16. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPrinciple of Sufficient Reason
  17. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyGeorge Berkeley
  18. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyDavid Hume
  19. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyKant's Critique of Metaphysics
  20. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyKant's Transcendental Idealism
  21. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyOntological Arguments
  22. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyExistence
  23. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyNonexistent Objects
  24. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyNothingness
  25. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyDescartes' Ontological Argument
  26. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPlatonism in the Philosophy of Mathematics
  27. Journal article (DOI)Wigner 1960, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics
  28. Journal article (DOI)Benacerraf 1973, Mathematical Truth
  29. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIndispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics
  30. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyKurt Gödel
  31. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyAbstract Objects
  32. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPossible Worlds
  33. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyDavid Lewis
  34. Max Tegmark (arXiv, 2007)The Mathematical Universe
  35. Max Tegmark (arXiv, 1997)Is "the theory of everything" merely the ultimate ensemble theory?
  36. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyCounterfactual Theories of Causation
  37. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyProbabilistic Causation
  38. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyCausation and Manipulability
  39. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyThe Metaphysics of Causation
  40. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyTime
  41. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPresentism
  42. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyTemporal Parts
  43. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyJohn McTaggart Ellis McTaggart
  44. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPersonal Identity
  45. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPersonal Identity and Ethics
  46. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyLocke on Personal Identity
  47. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyCausal Determinism
  48. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyCompatibilism
  49. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyArguments for Incompatibilism
  50. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyFree Will
  51. Journal article (DOI)Nagel 1974, What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
  52. David Chalmers (consc.net)Chalmers 1995, Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness
  53. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyConsciousness
  54. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPhysicalism
  55. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyPanpsychism
  56. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyMaterial Constitution
  57. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyMereology
  58. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyNatural Kinds
  59. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyVagueness
  60. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyThomas Aquinas
  61. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyCosmological Argument
  62. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyThe Problem of Evil
  63. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyProperties
  64. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyLaws of Nature
  65. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophySorites Paradox
  66. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyMetaphysical Grounding
  67. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyThe Epistemology of Modality
  68. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nāgārjuna
  69. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Avicenna
  70. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyIbn Sina’s Metaphysics
  71. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Floating man
  72. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Heraclitus
  73. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyProcess Philosophy
  74. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Alfred North Whitehead
  75. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyMonism
  76. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyFrancis Herbert Bradley
  77. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Charles Hartshorne
  78. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Bertrand Russell
  79. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: G. E. Moore
  80. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Copernican Revolution
  81. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Multiverse
  82. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Occasionalism
  83. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Al-Ghazali
  84. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nicolas Malebranche
  85. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyRegularity and Inferential Theories of Causation
  86. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Bundle theory
  87. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: P. F. Strawson
  88. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Leibniz's gap
  89. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Chinese room
  90. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ship of Theseus
  91. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Thomas Hobbes
  92. Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyThe Problem of the Many
  93. plato.stanford.eduStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Watchmaker analogy