Sources (117) Every source cited in this course: in the text, in the go-deeper layers, in the people stories and in the quiz. Listed in the order they first appear. Pages were read in October 2026.
Online Library of Liberty Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments Online Library of Liberty Beccaria, An Essay on Crimes and Punishments National Institute of Justice Five Things About Deterrence (2016) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jeremy Bentham Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Legal Punishment UCL Bentham Project The Panopticon University of Houston (Engines of Our Ingenuity) Cesare Lombroso University of Chicago Press Chicago school (sociology) SAGE Shaw & McKay, Social Disorganization Theory (reading) National Institute of Justice Hot Spot Policing Can Reduce Crime (2009, archived) American Sociological Review Merton, Social Structure and Anomie (1938) Criminology Agnew, Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency (1992) Indiana University Edwin Sutherland LibreTexts Sociology Differential Association Theory University of Maryland (DRUM) Social control theory EBSCO Research Starters Labeling Theory University of Chicago Press Howard S. Becker American Sociological Review Cohen & Felson, Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach (1979) Rutgers Criminal Law & Criminal Justice Books Cornish & Clarke, The Reasoning Criminal The Atlantic Wilson & Kelling, Broken Windows (March 1982) FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program FBI National Incident-Based Reporting System FBI FBI Releases 2024 Reported Crimes in the Nation Statistics (August 5, 2025) Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Bureau of Justice Statistics Criminal Victimization, 2024 (September 2025) Brennan Center for Justice What Caused the Crime Decline? (2015) Bureau of Justice Statistics Prisoners in 2023 – Statistical Tables (September 2025) National Institute of Justice Recidivism Bureau of Justice Statistics Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 24 States in 2008: A 10-Year Follow-Up (2021) National Institute of Justice About CrimeSolutions Britannica White-collar crime U.S. Department of Justice DOJ Office of Professional Responsibility report (2020) Miami Herald Perversion of Justice DOJ OIG Epstein custody report (2023) DOJ SDNY Maxwell sentenced Courthouse News Service Maxwell habeas ruling, Aug. 25, 2026 NPR final Epstein files release DOJ 3.5 million pages published DOJ Epstein library BBC News Prince Andrew settles US civil sex assault case with Virginia Giuffre (2022) Reuters JPMorgan settles with Jeffrey Epstein victims for $290 million (2023) The New York Times New York Times, Oct. 5, 2017 New York State Court of Appeals NY Court of Appeals, People v. Weinstein (2024) Manhattan District Attorney Manhattan DA statement, June 2026 NBC News sentenced to 15 years AP California conviction upheld, resentencing ordered DOJ OIG FBI handling of Nassar allegations (2021) DOJ $138.7 million settlement (2024) Rachael Denhollander Rachael Denhollander NPR USA Gymnastics, Olympic committee reach $380 million deal with Nassar victims (2021) U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission SEC OIG report on Madoff (2009) Madoff Recovery Initiative Madoff trustee DOJ Madoff Victim Fund DOJ Holmes sentenced DOJ Bankman-Fried sentenced 2d Cir. U.S. v. Bankman-Fried (2026) ABC News Holmes release schedule DOJ Balwani sentenced CNBC Wang sentenced CNBC Singh sentenced U.S. Attorney SDNY Peter Madoff sentenced to 10 years in prison (2012) DOJ EDNY R. Kelly sentenced NPR Combs sentenced AP Combs appeal argued DOJ Guzmán sentenced CNN El Chapo found guilty on all counts (2019) ICE Ovidio Guzmán López pleads guilty (2025) FBI Famous Cases: Enron Cornell LII Sarbanes–Oxley Act Legal Information Institute (Cornell) Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States (2005) DOJ Jeffrey Skilling DOJ United States v. Kenneth L. Lay Legal Information Institute (Cornell) Skilling v. United States (2010) AP Why Bill Cosby's conviction was overturned (2021) DOJ Purdue Pharma DOJ Purdue pleads guilty (2020) Supreme Court of the United States Harrington v. Purdue Pharma, U.S. Supreme Court (2024) AP Judge OKs Purdue plan (2025) EPA Learn About Volkswagen Violations DOJ Volkswagen pleads guilty (2017) University of Pennsylvania Library Robert K. Merton EBSCO Research Starters Travis Hirschi DOJ United States v. Martin Winterkorn Reuters Ellison gets two-year sentence over FTX fraud (2024) CNN Judge Rosemarie Aquilina's statement to Larry Nassar (2018) Penguin Random House John Carreyrou DOJ United States v. Andrew S. Fastow Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Review of Shaw, Delinquency Areas (1930) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Psychological Review (PubMed): Moffitt, Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior Psychological Review Moffitt (1993), Psychological Review 100(4): 674 to 701 exonerationregistry.org National Registry of Exonerations: Gary Dotson innocenceproject.org Innocence Project: About law.umich.edu National Registry of Exonerations: About PNAS Gross, O'Brien, Hu and Kennedy, PNAS 111(20): 7230 to 7235 (2014) Journal of Economic Perspectives Levitt, Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(1): 163 to 190 (2004) Crime and Justice Farrell, Tilley and Tseloni, Why the Crime Drop? Crime and Justice 43(1) (2014) britannica.com Britannica: Cesare Lombroso archive.org Internet Archive: Goring, The English Convict (1913) escholarship.org CSISS Classics (UC eScholarship): Park and Burgess, Urban Ecology Studies Science (via PubMed) Sampson, Raudenbush and Earls, Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy (1997) britannica.com Britannica: Anomie study.sagepub.com SAGE: Albert K. Cohen, Delinquent Boys (excerpt) study.sagepub.com SAGE: Cloward and Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity (excerpt) jstor.org JSTOR: Sykes and Matza, Techniques of Neutralization (1957) American Sociological Review Sykes and Matza, Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency (1957) Britannica Ronald L. Akers soccrim.clas.ufl.edu University of Florida: Honoring Dr. Ronald Akers sup.org Stanford University Press: Gottfredson and Hirschi, A General Theory of Crime cambridge.org Cambridge University Press: Braithwaite, Crime, Shame and Reintegration news.harvard.edu Harvard Gazette: Devah Pager American Journal of Sociology Pager, The Mark of a Criminal Record (2003)